Вымирание и конец будущего
Журнал «KANT: Social Sciences & Humanities Series» №1(13) 2023 [стр. 37-47]
DOI: 10.24923/2305-8757.2023-13.3
Ключевые слова: экологическая история; консервация; вымирание; переходы; ожидание; Антропоцен.
Вымирание, с биологической точки зрения, – это конец эволюционной линии, потенциальный конец будущего. Он включает в себя переход между историческим прошлым, в котором вид был биологически живым, и будущим, в котором его нет, переход от существующего к вымершему. В этом вкладе в серию "Историческое будущее" я исследую два аспекта истории вымирания: переход и ожидание. Во-первых, я утверждаю, что ученые должны понимать вымирание как процесс с длительным и даже, возможно, обратимым переходом между существующим и исчезнувшим, а не как окончательную конечную точку. Во-вторых, я рассматриваю сохранение как практику упреждающего вымирания, которая пытается создать будущее для существующих видов. Вымирание как нелинейный процесс требует, чтобы мы учитывали совпадающие прошлое, настоящее и будущее. Конец будущего для вида требует переосмысления того, как мы концептуализируем исторические (будущие) окончания во времена быстрых изменений окружающей среды.
Литература:
1. Работа финансируется Исследовательским советом Норвегии для проекта «За пределами дронтов и динозавров: отображение вымирания и восстановления в музеях» (проект 283523).
2. Краткое описание основных факторов современного вымирания см.: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Global Assessment Report on Bio-diversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 2019, https://ipbes.net/global-assessment.
3. Deborah Bird Rose, Thom van Dooren, and Matthew Chrulew, “Telling Extinction Stories,” in Extinction Studies: Stories of Time, Death, and Generations, ed. Deborah Bird Rose, Thom van Dooren, and Matthew Chrulew (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 1-17.
4. Mark V. Barrow Jr., Nature’s Ghosts: Confronting Extinction from the Age of Jefferson to the Age of Ecology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Ryan Tucker Jones, Empire of Extinction: Russians and the North Pacific’s Strange Beasts of the Sea, 1741–1867 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).
5. Некоторые из этих историй см.: Jennifer Price, Flight Maps: Adventures with Nature in Mod-ern America(New York: Basic Books, 1999); Andrew C. Isenberg, The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Robert Paddle, The Last Tasmanian Tiger: The History and Extinction of the Thylacine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Miles A. Powell, Vanishing America: Species Extinction, Racial Peril, and the Origins of Conservation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016); and Dolly Jørgensen, Recovering Lost Species in the Modern Age: Histories of Longing and Belonging (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019).
6. Zoltán Boldizsár Simon and Marek Tamm, “Historical Futures,” History and Theory 60, no. 1 (2021), 3-22.
7. О вымирании как разрыве отношений в мышлении коренных народов см.: Audra Mitchell, “Revitalizing Laws, (Re)Making Treaties, Dismantling Violence: Indigenous Resurgence against ‘the Sixth Mass Extinction,’ ”Social & Cultural Geography21, no. 7 (2020), 909-24.
8. Dolly Jørgensen, “Presence of Absence, Absence of Presence, and Extinction Narratives,” in Nature, Temporality and Environmental Management: Scandinavian and Australian Perspectives on Peoples and Landscapes, ed. Lesley Head, Katarina Saltzman, Gunhild Setten, and Marie Stenseke (London: Routledge, 2016), 45-58.
9. Для более подробного обсуждения оспариваемого исчезновения тилацина см.: Jørgensen, “Presence of Absence.”
10. Один из таких наборов находится в выставочном зале тилацина Музея и художественной галереи Тасмании.
11. Dolly Jørgensen, “Erasing the Extinct: The Hunt for Caribbean Monk Seals and Museum Col-lection Practices,” História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos 28, suppl. 1 (2021), 161-83.
12. John W. Fitzpatrick et al., “Ivory-Billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) Persists in Continental North America,” Science 308 (June 2005), 1460-62.
13. См.: Ursula K. Heise, “Lost Dogs, Last Birds, and Listed Species: Cultures of Extinction,” Configurations 18, no. 1–2 (2010), 49-72
14. Dolly Jørgensen, “Endling, the Power of the Last in an Extinction-Prone World,” Environmental Philosophy 14, no. 1 (2017), 119-38.
15. Oliver A. Ryder et al., “Exploring the Limits of Saving a Subspecies: The Ethics and Social Dynamics of Restoring Northern White Rhinos (Ceratotherium simum cottoni),” Conservation Science and Practice 2, no. 8 (2020).
16. Sarah Bezan, “The Endling Taxidermy of Lonesome George: Iconographies of Extinction at the End of the Line,” Configurations 27, no. 2 (2019), 211-38, and Gitte Westergaard and Dolly Jørgensen, “Making Specimens Sacred: Putting the Bodies of Solitario Jorge and Cu. Rùa on Display,” in Animal Remains, ed. Sarah Bezan and Robert McKay (London: Routledge, 2021), 68-86.
17. Aldo Leopold, “On a Monument to the Pigeon,” in Silent Wings: A Memorial to the Passenger Pigeon (Madison: Wisconsin Society for Ornithology, 1947), 4.
18. Согласно отчетам Департамента первичной промышленности, парков, водных ресурсов и окружающей среды Тасмании, в период с 1 сентября 2016 года по 19 сентября 2019 года было расследовано восемь сообщений. См.: “Thylacine Sightings Reports,” https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/RTI%20025%20-%202019-20.pdf.
19. Naaman Zhou, “Wildlife expert pours cold water on claims Tasmanian tiger family spot-ted,” The Guardian, 23 February 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/feb/23/wildlife-expert-pours-cold-water-on-claims-tasmanian-tiger-family-spotted.
20. Adam Searle, “Spectral Ecologies: De/extinction in the Pyrenees,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 47, no. 1 (2022), 167-83.
21. Stephanie S. Turner, “Open-Ended Stories: Extinction Narratives in Genome Time,” Literature and Medicine 26, no. 1 (2007), 55-82; Jørgensen, Recovering Lost Species in the Modern Age. Существует много споров о прекращении вымирания и о том, действительно ли воссоздание вымерших видов делает вид не вымершим. Часто эстетика, то есть животное, похожее на вымершего предка, стимулирует усилия по борьбе с вымиранием видов; см., например: Clemens Driessen and Jamie Lorimer, “Back Breeding the Aurochs: The Heck Brothers, National Socialism, and Imagined Geographies for Non-Human Lebensraum,” in Hitler’s Geographies: The Spatialities of the Third Reich, ed. Paolo Giaccaria and Claudio Minca (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 138-58, and Sandra Swart, “Zombie Zoology: History and Reanimating Extinct Animals,” in The Historical Animal, ed. Susan Nance(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2015), 54-72. Но визуальное представление весьма проблематично; см.: Rosie Ibbotson, “De-Extinction and Representation: Perspectives from Art History, Museology, and the Anthropocene,” International Review of Environmental History3, no. 1 (2017), 21-42.
22. Adam Searle, “Anabiosis and the Liminal Geographies of De/extinction,” Environmental Humanities12, no. 1 (2020), 324, 325.
23. Michael E. Soulé, “What Is Conservation Biology?” BioScience 35, no. 11 (1985), 727-34.
24. Там же, 730.
25. Там же, 733.
26. См.: David Sepkoski, Catastrophic Thinking: Extinction and the Value of Diversity from Darwinto the Anthropocene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020), chapter 6.
27. Ursula K. Heise, Imagining Extinction: The Cultural Meanings of Endangered Species (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016).
28. Главу Джеймса Хэтли о японском волке с острова Хонсю см.: James Hatley, “Walking with ̄Okami, the Large-Mouthed Pure God,” in Rose, van Dooren, and Chrulew, Extinction Studies, 19-46.
29. Juno Salazar Parreñas, Decolonizing Extinction: The Work of Care in Orangutan Rehabilitation (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018) and Deborah Bird Rose, Wild Dog Dreaming: Love and Extinction (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011).
30. Об экологической тревоге см.: Paul Robbins and Sarah A. Moore, “Ecological Anxiety Disorder: Diagnosing the Politics of the Anthropocene,” Cultural Geographies 20, no. 1 (2013), 3-19, and Susan Clayton, Christie Manning, Kirra Krygsman, and Meighen Speiser, Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, and Guidance (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association and eco America, 2017).
31. Jones, Empire of Extinction.
32. Barrow, Nature’s Ghosts.
33. Elizabeth Hennessy, On the Backs of Tortoises: Darwin, the Galápagos, and the Fate of an Evolutionary Eden (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), 71.
34. IPBES, Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
35. Dolly Jørgensen and Isla Gladstone, “The Passenger Pigeon’s Past on Display for the Future,” Environmental History 27, no. 2 (2022).
36. Призыв к музеям реагировать на современные изменения в окружающей среде, см.: Curating the Future: Museums, Communities and Climate Change, ed. Jennifer Newell, Libby Robin, and Kirsten Wehner (New York: Routledge, 2016).
37. Jan E. Dizard, “Uneasy Relationships Between Ecology, History, and Restoration,” in Restoration and History: The Search for a Usable Environmental Past, ed. Marcus Hall (New York: Routledge,2010), 154-63.
38. Mitchell, “Revitalizing Laws”; Donna J. Haraway, Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016).
39. Audra Mitchell, “Beyond Biodiversity and Species: Problematizing Extinction,” Theory, Culture & Society 33, no. 5 (2016), 23-42.
40. Michelle Bastian, “Fatally Confused: Telling the Time in the Midst of Ecological Crises,” Environmental Philosophy 9, no.1 (2012), 23-48.
41. Там же, 27.
1. Работа финансируется Исследовательским советом Норвегии для проекта «За пределами дронтов и динозавров: отображение вымирания и восстановления в музеях» (проект 283523).
2. Краткое описание основных факторов современного вымирания см.: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Global Assessment Report on Bio-diversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 2019, https://ipbes.net/global-assessment.
3. Deborah Bird Rose, Thom van Dooren, and Matthew Chrulew, “Telling Extinction Stories,” in Extinction Studies: Stories of Time, Death, and Generations, ed. Deborah Bird Rose, Thom van Dooren, and Matthew Chrulew (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), 1-17.
4. Mark V. Barrow Jr., Nature’s Ghosts: Confronting Extinction from the Age of Jefferson to the Age of Ecology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Ryan Tucker Jones, Empire of Extinction: Russians and the North Pacific’s Strange Beasts of the Sea, 1741–1867 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).
5. Некоторые из этих историй см.: Jennifer Price, Flight Maps: Adventures with Nature in Mod-ern America(New York: Basic Books, 1999); Andrew C. Isenberg, The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Robert Paddle, The Last Tasmanian Tiger: The History and Extinction of the Thylacine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Miles A. Powell, Vanishing America: Species Extinction, Racial Peril, and the Origins of Conservation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016); and Dolly Jørgensen, Recovering Lost Species in the Modern Age: Histories of Longing and Belonging (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019).
6. Zoltán Boldizsár Simon and Marek Tamm, “Historical Futures,” History and Theory 60, no. 1 (2021), 3-22.
7. О вымирании как разрыве отношений в мышлении коренных народов см.: Audra Mitchell, “Revitalizing Laws, (Re)Making Treaties, Dismantling Violence: Indigenous Resurgence against ‘the Sixth Mass Extinction,’ ”Social & Cultural Geography21, no. 7 (2020), 909-24.
8. Dolly Jørgensen, “Presence of Absence, Absence of Presence, and Extinction Narratives,” in Nature, Temporality and Environmental Management: Scandinavian and Australian Perspectives on Peoples and Landscapes, ed. Lesley Head, Katarina Saltzman, Gunhild Setten, and Marie Stenseke (London: Routledge, 2016), 45-58.
9. Для более подробного обсуждения оспариваемого исчезновения тилацина см.: Jørgensen, “Presence of Absence.”
10. Один из таких наборов находится в выставочном зале тилацина Музея и художественной галереи Тасмании.
11. Dolly Jørgensen, “Erasing the Extinct: The Hunt for Caribbean Monk Seals and Museum Col-lection Practices,” História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos 28, suppl. 1 (2021), 161-83.
12. John W. Fitzpatrick et al., “Ivory-Billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) Persists in Continental North America,” Science 308 (June 2005), 1460-62.
13. См.: Ursula K. Heise, “Lost Dogs, Last Birds, and Listed Species: Cultures of Extinction,” Configurations 18, no. 1–2 (2010), 49-72
14. Dolly Jørgensen, “Endling, the Power of the Last in an Extinction-Prone World,” Environmental Philosophy 14, no. 1 (2017), 119-38.
15. Oliver A. Ryder et al., “Exploring the Limits of Saving a Subspecies: The Ethics and Social Dynamics of Restoring Northern White Rhinos (Ceratotherium simum cottoni),” Conservation Science and Practice 2, no. 8 (2020).
16. Sarah Bezan, “The Endling Taxidermy of Lonesome George: Iconographies of Extinction at the End of the Line,” Configurations 27, no. 2 (2019), 211-38, and Gitte Westergaard and Dolly Jørgensen, “Making Specimens Sacred: Putting the Bodies of Solitario Jorge and Cu. Rùa on Display,” in Animal Remains, ed. Sarah Bezan and Robert McKay (London: Routledge, 2021), 68-86.
17. Aldo Leopold, “On a Monument to the Pigeon,” in Silent Wings: A Memorial to the Passenger Pigeon (Madison: Wisconsin Society for Ornithology, 1947), 4.
18. Согласно отчетам Департамента первичной промышленности, парков, водных ресурсов и окружающей среды Тасмании, в период с 1 сентября 2016 года по 19 сентября 2019 года было расследовано восемь сообщений. См.: “Thylacine Sightings Reports,” https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/RTI%20025%20-%202019-20.pdf.
19. Naaman Zhou, “Wildlife expert pours cold water on claims Tasmanian tiger family spot-ted,” The Guardian, 23 February 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/feb/23/wildlife-expert-pours-cold-water-on-claims-tasmanian-tiger-family-spotted.
20. Adam Searle, “Spectral Ecologies: De/extinction in the Pyrenees,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 47, no. 1 (2022), 167-83.
21. Stephanie S. Turner, “Open-Ended Stories: Extinction Narratives in Genome Time,” Literature and Medicine 26, no. 1 (2007), 55-82; Jørgensen, Recovering Lost Species in the Modern Age. Существует много споров о прекращении вымирания и о том, действительно ли воссоздание вымерших видов делает вид не вымершим. Часто эстетика, то есть животное, похожее на вымершего предка, стимулирует усилия по борьбе с вымиранием видов; см., например: Clemens Driessen and Jamie Lorimer, “Back Breeding the Aurochs: The Heck Brothers, National Socialism, and Imagined Geographies for Non-Human Lebensraum,” in Hitler’s Geographies: The Spatialities of the Third Reich, ed. Paolo Giaccaria and Claudio Minca (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 138-58, and Sandra Swart, “Zombie Zoology: History and Reanimating Extinct Animals,” in The Historical Animal, ed. Susan Nance(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2015), 54-72. Но визуальное представление весьма проблематично; см.: Rosie Ibbotson, “De-Extinction and Representation: Perspectives from Art History, Museology, and the Anthropocene,” International Review of Environmental History3, no. 1 (2017), 21-42.
22. Adam Searle, “Anabiosis and the Liminal Geographies of De/extinction,” Environmental Humanities12, no. 1 (2020), 324, 325.
23. Michael E. Soulé, “What Is Conservation Biology?” BioScience 35, no. 11 (1985), 727-34.
24. Там же, 730.
25. Там же, 733.
26. См.: David Sepkoski, Catastrophic Thinking: Extinction and the Value of Diversity from Darwinto the Anthropocene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020), chapter 6.
27. Ursula K. Heise, Imagining Extinction: The Cultural Meanings of Endangered Species (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016).
28. Главу Джеймса Хэтли о японском волке с острова Хонсю см.: James Hatley, “Walking with ̄Okami, the Large-Mouthed Pure God,” in Rose, van Dooren, and Chrulew, Extinction Studies, 19-46.
29. Juno Salazar Parreñas, Decolonizing Extinction: The Work of Care in Orangutan Rehabilitation (Durham: Duke University Press, 2018) and Deborah Bird Rose, Wild Dog Dreaming: Love and Extinction (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011).
30. Об экологической тревоге см.: Paul Robbins and Sarah A. Moore, “Ecological Anxiety Disorder: Diagnosing the Politics of the Anthropocene,” Cultural Geographies 20, no. 1 (2013), 3-19, and Susan Clayton, Christie Manning, Kirra Krygsman, and Meighen Speiser, Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, and Guidance (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association and eco America, 2017).
31. Jones, Empire of Extinction.
32. Barrow, Nature’s Ghosts.
33. Elizabeth Hennessy, On the Backs of Tortoises: Darwin, the Galápagos, and the Fate of an Evolutionary Eden (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), 71.
34. IPBES, Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
35. Dolly Jørgensen and Isla Gladstone, “The Passenger Pigeon’s Past on Display for the Future,” Environmental History 27, no. 2 (2022).
36. Призыв к музеям реагировать на современные изменения в окружающей среде, см.: Curating the Future: Museums, Communities and Climate Change, ed. Jennifer Newell, Libby Robin, and Kirsten Wehner (New York: Routledge, 2016).
37. Jan E. Dizard, “Uneasy Relationships Between Ecology, History, and Restoration,” in Restoration and History: The Search for a Usable Environmental Past, ed. Marcus Hall (New York: Routledge,2010), 154-63.
38. Mitchell, “Revitalizing Laws”; Donna J. Haraway, Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016).
39. Audra Mitchell, “Beyond Biodiversity and Species: Problematizing Extinction,” Theory, Culture & Society 33, no. 5 (2016), 23-42.
40. Michelle Bastian, “Fatally Confused: Telling the Time in the Midst of Ecological Crises,” Environmental Philosophy 9, no.1 (2012), 23-48.
41. Там же, 27.
Extinction and the end of futures
Keywords: environmental history; conservation; extinction; transitions; anticipation; Anthropocene.
Extinction, in biological terms, is the end of an evolutionary line, a potential future cutoff. It involves a transition between the historical past in which a species was biologically alive and a future in which it isn't, a transition from extant to extinct. In this contribution to the "Historical Futures" series, I examine two aspects of extinction histories: transition and anticipation. First, I argue that scholars need to understand extinction as a process with a prolonged and even possibly reversible transition between extant and extinct rather than a definitive end point. Second, I analyze conservation as a practice of anticipatory extinction that tries to create futures for extant species. Extinction, as a nonlinear process, demands that we consider the coterminous past, present, and future. The end of futures for a species requires rethinking how we conceptualize historical (future) endings under times of rapid environmental change.
* The author is funded by the Research Council of Norway for the project "Beyond Dodos and Dinosaurs: Displaying Extinction and Recovery in Museums" (project 283523).
Jørgensen D. Extinction and the end of futures // History and Theory. Volume 61. Issue2. (June 2022), 209-218.
* The author is funded by the Research Council of Norway for the project "Beyond Dodos and Dinosaurs: Displaying Extinction and Recovery in Museums" (project 283523).
Jørgensen D. Extinction and the end of futures // History and Theory. Volume 61. Issue2. (June 2022), 209-218.