Создание военного города (ов): совместимость, создание пространства и эпистемологические различия между военными службами в городских операциях
Журнал «KANT: Social Sciences & Humanities Series» №3(15) 2023 [стр. 4-13]
DOI: 10.24923/2305-8757.2023-15.1
Ключевые слова: интероперабельность; военная эпистемика; космос; городские операции.
Цитировать: Даниэльссон А. Создание военного города (ов): совместимость, создание пространства и эпистемологические различия между военными службами в городских операциях // KANT: Social science & Humanities. – 2023. – №3(15). – С. 4-13. EDN: DBJMAJ. DOI: 10.24923/2305-8757.2023-15.1
МИЛИТАРИЗАЦИЯ ГОРОДСКОЙ ЖИЗНИ И ВОЕННАЯ ЭПИСТЕМОЛОГИЯ ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ЗНАНИЙ. Вводное слово к переводной версии статьи Анны Даниэльсон
Современный город, будучи местом, в котором жители, с пространственной точки зрения, тесно расселены, источает опасность против тех, кто в нем проживает, в условиях военного конфликта. Таким образом, по мнению Анны Даниэльсон, "война и города находятся во взаимно конститутивных отношениях и принимают особую форму друг в друге и через друг друга", в связи с чем города обладают особой привлекательностью в глазах войны. В этот момент хорошо знакомые для жителя улицы, парки, аллеи не снижают уровень беспокойства, а напротив, усиливают его, поскольку тревога одновременно подавляется и воспроизводится через геополитические дискурсы и подогревается через медиумы коммуникации. Важный фрагмент исследования, приведенный здесь, Анна Дэниэльсон посвящает дискурсу городских войн, которые построены на западных стратегиях ведения войн. Ретроспективный отсчет она начинает с доиндустриального периода и затем перемещая фокус внимания на Израиль, Ирак, Афганистан, то есть городские пространства, на которых непосредственно применялись западные стратегии.
Статья объединяет дискурсы о городской войне и военном взаимодействии. Оба дискурса подчеркивают вопрос о знании. Общие географические знания, которыми обладают военные подразделения, участвующие в совместной операции, считаются ключевыми для обеспечения функциональной совместимости. В дискурсе городских войн подчеркивается необходимость и сложность "знания" о городе. Однако мы меньше знаем о том, фиксируют ли военные службы, участвующие в совместной городской операции, полученные в процессе географические знания, и если да, то, как это работает. Вдохновленная критическими исследованиями в области военной географии и работами по истории и географии знаний, эта статья развивает концептуальную основу, направленную на установление взаимодополняющих отношений между военной эпистемикой и городским пространством в городской войне.
Литература:
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58. Withers, C. W. J. (2009). Place and the 'spatial turn' in geography and in history. Journal of the History of Ideas, 70(4), 637-658.
59. Woodall, S. R. (2000). Self-jamming behavior: Joint interoperability, root causes, and thoughts on solutions. Comparative Strategy, 19(4), 309-317.
60. Woodward, R. (2004). Military geographies. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
61. Woodward, R. (2005). From military geography to militarism's geographies: Disciplinary engagements with the geographies of militarism and military activities. Progress in Human Geography, 29(6), 718-740.
62. Zehfuss, M. (2010). Targeting: Precision and the production of ethics. European Journal of International Relations, 17(3), 543-566.
1. Adey, P., Whitehead, M., & Williams, A. J. (2011). Introduction: Air-target. Distance, reach and the politics of verticality. Theory, Culture & Society, 28(7-8), 176-177.
2. Alon, N. (2018). Operational challenges in ground operations in urban areas: An IDF perspective. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 51(3), 737-762.
3. Barnett, C. (1998). Impure and worldly geography: The africanist discourse of the royal geographical society, 1831-73. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 23(2), 239-251.
4. Bass, B. K., Bartels, D. K., Escalante, S. A., Fenton, D. R., & Rathgeb, K. J. (2014). Overcoming joint interoperability challenges. Joint Force Quarterly, 74(3), 136-140.
5. Blunt, A. (1994). Travel, gender, and imperialism. Mary Kingsley and west Africa. New York: Guilford Press.
6. Bodnar, J., & Collins, S. (2019). NATO joint military operations in an urban environment. A capstone concept. Three Swords Magazine, 34, 93-96.
7. British Army. (2021). Experts address the challenges of urban operations, 24 May https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/05/experts-address-the-challenges-of-urban-operations/. (Accessed 10 November 2021).
8. Codner, M. (1999). Hanging together: Interoperability within the alliance and with coalition partners in an era of technological innovation. NATO Research Fellowship: Final Report.
9. Cooper, J. (1995). Dominant battlespace awareness and future warfare. In M. C. Libicki, & S. E. Johnson (Eds.), Dominant battlespace knowledge (pp. 39-46). Washington D.C.: National Defense University Press.
10. Coward, M. (2009). Urbicide: The politics of urban destruction. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
11. Crang, M., & Thrift, N. (2000). Introduction. In M. Crang, & N. Thrift (Eds.), Thinking space (pp. 1-30). London: Routledge.
12 Crouch, D. (2017). Space, living, atmospheres, affectivities. In M. Nieuwenhuis, & D. Crouch (Eds.), The question of space: Interrogating the spatial turn between disciplines (pp. 1-21). London: Rowman & Littlefield.
13. Deni, J. R. (2014). Maintaining transatlantic strategic, operational and tactical interoperability in an era of austerity. International Affairs, 90(3), 583-600.
14. DiMarco, L. (2017). Urban warfare. Oxford bibliographies. https://doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780199791279-0171
15. Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1), 32-64.
16. Evans, M. (2009). Lethal genes: The urban military imperative and Western strategy in the early twenty-first century. Journal of Strategic Studies, 32(4), 515-552.
17. Evans, M. (2017). Future war in cities: Urbanization's challenge to strategic studies in the 21st century. International Review of the Red Cross, 98(1), 37-51.
18. Farish, M. (2006). Frontier engineering: From the globe to the body in the Cold war arctic. Canadian Geographer, 50(2), 177-196.
19. Forsyth, I. (2019). A genealogy of military geographies: Complicities, entanglements, and legacies. Geography Compass, 13(3), 1-11.
20. Giegerich, B., & von Hlatky, S. (2020). Experiences may vary: NATO and cultural interoperability in Afghanistan. Armed Forces & Society, 46(3), 495-516.
21. Graham, S. (Ed.). (2004a). Cities, war, and terrorism. Towards an urban geopolitics. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
22. Graham, S. (2004b). Vertical geopolitics: Baghdad and after. Antipode, 36, 12-23.
23. Graham, S. (2008). Imagining urban warfare: Urbanization and U.S. Military technoscience. In D. Cowen, & E. Gilbert (Eds.), War, citizenship, territory (pp. 33-56). New York: Routledge.
24. Graham, S. (2010). Cities under siege. The new military urbanism. London, New York: Verso.
25. Gregory, D. (2006). In another time-zone, the bombs fall unsafely …": Targets, Civilians, and Late Modern War. The Arab World Geographer, 9(2), 88-111.
26. Gregory, D. (2015). Gabriel's map: Cartography and corpography in modern war. In P. Meusburger, D. Gregory, & L. Suarsana (Eds.), Geographies of knowledge and power (pp. 89-121). Dordrecht: Springer.
27. Gregory, D., & Urry, J. (Eds.). (1985). Social relations and spatial structures. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
28. Hills, A. (2004). Future war in cities. Rethinking a liberal dilemma. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
29. Kilcullen, D. (2019). Preface to "blood and concrete". In D. Dilegge, R. J. Bunker, J. P. Sullivan, & A. Keshavarz (Eds.), Blood and concrete (xxxi-xlv). XlibrisUS).
30. King, A. (2021). Urban warfare in the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Polity Press.
31. Lang, P. (Ed.). (1995). Mortal city. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
32. Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
33. Livingstone, D. (2003). Putting science in its place. Geographies of scientific knowledge. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
34. Lockyer, A. (2013). The logic of interoperability: Australia's acquisition of the F-35 joint strike fighter. International Journal, 68(1), 71-92.
35. Lundborg, T., & Vaughan-Williams, N. (2015). New materialisms, discourse analysis, and international relations: A radical intertextual approach. Review of International Studies, 41(1), 3-25.
36. Massey, D. (1984). Introduction: Geography matters. In D. Massey, & J. Allen (Eds.), Geography matters! A reader (pp. 1-11). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Meusburger, P., & Werlen, B. (2017). Knowledge, action, and space: An introduction. In P. Meusburger, B. Werlen, & L. Suarsana (Eds.), Knowledge and action (pp. 1-30). Cham: Springer Nature.
38. Mol, A. (2002). The body multiple: Ontology in medical practice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
39. Mller, J. E. (2019). Trilateral defence cooperation in the North: An assessment of interoperability between Norway, Sweden and Finland. Defence Studies, 19(3), 235-256.
40. Mukherjee, A. (2017). Fighting separately: Jointness and civil-military relations in India. Journal of Strategic Studies, 40(1-2), 6-34.
41. Nieuwenhuis, M., & Crouch, D. (Eds.). (2017). The question of space: Interrogating the spatial turn between disciplines. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
42. Norton, R. J. (2003). Feral cities. Naval War College Review, 56(4), 97-106.
43. Ophir, A., & Shapin, S. (1991). The place of knowledge: A methodological survey. Science in Context, 4(1), 3-22.
44. Paget, S. (2016). Interoperability of the mind. The RUSI Journal, 161(4), 42-50.
45. Peters, R. (1996). Our soldiers, their cities. US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, 26(1), 43-50.
46. Rech, M., Bos, D., Jenkings, N., Williams, A. J., & Woodward, R. (2015). Geography, military geography, and critical military studies. Critical Military Studies, 1(1), 47-60.
47. Robinson, J. P. (2013). 'Darkened surfaces': Camouflage and the nocturnal observation of britain, 1941-45. Environment & Planning A, 45, 1053-1069.
48. Rodman, M. C. (1992). Empowering place: Multilocality and multivocality. American Anthropologist, 94(3), 640-656.
49. Soja, E. W. (1989). Postmodern geographies. The reassertion of space in critical social theory. London and New York: Verso.
50. Spencer, J. (2020). Why is urban warfare so challenging? Available at: https://mwi.usma.edu/why-is-urban-warfare-so-challenging/. (Accessed 4 February 2022).
51. Spencer, J., & Amble, J. (2017). A better approach to urban operations: Treat cities like human bodies. Available at: https://mwi.usma.edu/better-approach-urban-operations-treat-cities-like-human-bodies/. (Accessed 4 February 2022).
52. Tan, M. (2016). Army chief: Soldiers must Be ready to fight in 'megacities. Available at: https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2016/10/05/armychief-soldiers-must-be-ready-to-fight-in-megacities/. (Accessed 8 January 2022).
53. Virilio, P. (2002). Desert screen: War at the speed of light. London: Continuum.
54. Wainwright, J. (2016). The U.S. Military and human geography: Reflections on our conjuncture. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 106(3), 513-520.
55. Warf, B., & Arias, S. (2009). The spatial turn. Interdisciplinary perspectives. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
56. Werlen, B. (2017). Action, knowledge, and social relations of space. In P. Meusburger, B. Werlen, & L. Suarsana (Eds.), Knowledge and action (pp. 31-56). Cham: Springer Nature.
57. Williams, A. J. (2007). Performing security: The imaginative geographies of current US strategy. Political Geography, 26(4), 405-422.
58. Withers, C. W. J. (2009). Place and the 'spatial turn' in geography and in history. Journal of the History of Ideas, 70(4), 637-658.
59. Woodall, S. R. (2000). Self-jamming behavior: Joint interoperability, root causes, and thoughts on solutions. Comparative Strategy, 19(4), 309-317.
60. Woodward, R. (2004). Military geographies. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
61. Woodward, R. (2005). From military geography to militarism's geographies: Disciplinary engagements with the geographies of militarism and military activities. Progress in Human Geography, 29(6), 718-740.
62. Zehfuss, M. (2010). Targeting: Precision and the production of ethics. European Journal of International Relations, 17(3), 543-566.
Producing the military urban(s): Interoperability, space-making, and epistemic distinctions between military services in urban operations
Keywords: interoperability; military epistemics; space; urban operations.
This article brings together the discourses on urban war and military interoperability respectively. Both discourses emphasise the question of knowledge. A shared geographic knowledge held by the service branches involved in a joint operation is considered key for interoperability to arise. In the urban wars discourse, the need and difficulty of 'knowing' the urban are stressed. However, we know less about whether military services involved in a joint urban operation produce distinct geographic knowledges and, if so, with what effects. With inspiration from critical scholarship on military geographies and from works on the history and geography of knowledge, this article develops a conceptual framework to target the mutually constitutive relationship between military epistemics and urban space in urban war.